What does hair loss have to teach us about cancer metastasis?

An innovative study looking at hair loss in a preclinical model reveals clues to how cancer spreads in a recent issue of Science Signaling.

Researchers at the Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC) have identified one mechanism that regulates signaling events leading to cell migration and metastasis, showing that primary cilia act as a focal point to transmit growth signals. They also identified a specific ceramide species (produced by ceramide synthase 4 [CerS4]) that disrupts the ability of cells to form this focal point.

How cancer cells are able to metastasize — migrate from the primary tumor to distant sites in the body — and developing therapies to block this process are the focus of many laboratories around the country.

“We think this could be one way cancer cells actually migrate from one place to another to induce metastasis,” says Besim Ogretmen, Ph.D., senior author for this study and director of the Developmental Cancer Therapeutics Program at the Hollings Cancer Center.

The Ogretmen laboratory studies the signaling lipid ceramide and its role in many biological pathways, including cancer biology. Ceramides are made in cells by a family of six ceramide synthase enzymes. To identify how these different enzymes function, the Ogretmen laboratory generated mice that lacked each of these enzymes. Interestingly, mice lacking CerS4 had alopecia, a condition in which hair is lost from some or all parts of the body.

In the context of cancer, some ceramides, and the enzymes that produce them, contribute to tumor growth because they provide a critical component of the plasma membrane, enabling cells to divide.

So how does this relate to hair loss and cancer?

It turns out that keratinocytes, or skin cells, migrate through the outer skin to maintain hair follicles. In the absence of CerS4, the keratinocytes are hyperactive and migrate too much, thereby disrupting the hair cycle. Ogretmen reasoned that, although this was unanticipated, the increased migration seen in these keratinocytes may also occur in cancer cells.

“Some unexpected phenotypes in animal models can actually lead to something very important in cancer biology that we didn’t expect. In this case, hair loss told us something about cancer metastasis and how that can be regulated,” says Ogretmen.

The recent findings from the Ogretmen laboratory showed that ceramide affected cell migration, which is tightly controlled. When the cytokine transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) is sensed by the TGF-beta receptor, the receptor concentrates within the primary cilia of cells. The cell then changes the proteins it makes to allow the cell to migrate. Ceramide produced by CerS4 binds to Smad7, a cellular protein that can bind the TGF-beta receptor. The binding of ceramide to Smad7 prevents the TGF-beta receptor from concentrating in the cilia. Ultimately, ceramide prevents the cell from making the proteins necessary for migration.

Having identified a signaling pathway in cells, the researchers next wanted to determine if this pathway was important in cancer patients.

The Ogretmen laboratory screened previously reported microarray data sets of several human tumor tissues (metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, and renal cell carcinoma) and showed that, in these samples, only the levels of CerS4 were significantly decreased. Using preclinical models, they also showed that tumor cells that lost CerS4 expression had an increased incidence of metastasis to distant organs. This increased metastasis could be mitigated when the cell made more Smad7, which inhibited the TGF-beta receptor.

These studies also demonstrate that although there are at least six different enzymes that generate ceramide CerS1-6, only one of these six enzymes, CerS4, generates ceramide that selectively inhibits cancer cell migration enhanced by TGF-beta receptor in primary cilia. Thus, these enzymes and their lipid products (ceramides) do not have overlapping functions, but have distinct activities and targets, based probably on their cellular location. Unfortunately, many tumors have decreased expression of CerS4, indicating that they have high metastatic potential.

Future studies are aimed at developing a better model to study tumor development and metastasis in the context of CerS4. There is a mouse strain that develops primary mammary tumors, but those tumors do not form metastases. By decreasing the expression of CerS4 in these mice, the Ogretmen laboratory hopes to better define the way in which CerS4 regulates cell migration and metastasis. These mice also would provide an excellent model to test novel therapies aimed at preventing metastasis, he said.

However, there are several limitations to this approach. Targeting the TGF-beta receptor could have detrimental effects on other tissues of the body. Additionally, Bardet-Biedl syndrome is a metabolic disease in which trafficking of proteins within the cilium is blocked. Therefore, targeting the formation of the cilium could prove problematic. Together, it is critical when treating metastasis that the therapy be as specific as possible.

“Unfortunately, most cancer drugs have targets, but those targets might be toxic when you inhibit them in other parts of the body. That’s why I think the mechanistic studies are so important to try to only target the TGF-beta receptor signaling in the primary cilia but not in other parts of the body,” says Ogretmen.